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GENERAL MUHAMMED BUHARI-IDIAGBON REGIME
THE 1983 MILLITARY RULE (GENERAL
MUHAMMED BUHARI-IDIAGBON REGIME)
On December 31, 1983 the military removed
Shagari as President, the action of the military was very popular. The regime
had a lot of support because it had removed an unpopular government.
After a few days
in office Buhari administration declared itself an off-shoot of the Muritala-Obasanjo
military administration. It adopted the structures of governance of the
Muritala-Obasanjo era.
The Buhari
administration analyzed the problems of Nigeria as below:
(i) Corruption in high places i.e. abuse of
office.
(ii)Lack of sufficient patriotism.
(iii)
General
indiscipline among the population.
(iv)
Dependence
on foreign products and lack of prices in locally produced goods.
(v) Economics mismanagement and reckless
borrowing which increased the nation’s debt burden.
(vi)
Heavy
public expenditure on personal emoluments due to unjustifiable increase in the
number of people employed in the public service.
In order to
correct these ills, first, all the politicians of the second republic suspected
to have enriched themselves improperly were rounded up and put in detention or
jail pending the determination of their innocence. Those found guilty by
special tribunals were made to forfeit their ill-gotten wealth to government.
On discipline, the regime introduced
War Against Indiscipline (WAI). Public and private cleanliness were emphasized.
Individuals were encouraged to clean their surrounding and special days were
set aside for environmental sanitation. Heavy fines were imposed on people
living in unhygienic surroundings.
On the economy,
a firm grip was placed on it. Severe restrictions were placed on import license
and only essential commodities were allowed. Heavy duties were high percentage
of Nigeria’s foreign exchange earnings was used to service the debt with the
hope of an early payment.
There was a
massive retrenchment and retirement of people in the public service. A number
of decrees such as
(a)
Decree
4 which prescribed heavy jail term for publishing any information that was
likely to embrace the government.
(b)
Decree
20 which prescribe death sentence for drug smuggler etc, were made
However, some journalists were jailed under 4 and some
convicted drugs were actually executed. The indiscriminate arrested and
detention of suspects by the National Security Organization (NSO) made
everybody to live in fear, fear of arbitrary arrest and detention without
trial.
The Buhari
administration which came in as popular regime had become very unpopular and
had alienated the generality of the population within a short period of one and
half years. The regime had also alienated some senior officers because of its
inflexible posture within the armed forces. For these reasons, there was
another coup which ended the Buhari reign and brought in the former chief of
army staff, Major-general Ibrahim Babangida on August 27, 1985.
BABAGINDA ADMINISTRATION
(1985-1993)
Babangida retained the structure of
decision-making as operated under Buhari, but modified in somewhat. He added
the title “president” to the traditional title of “head of state” and
commander-in-chief of the armed forces.
The supreme
military council under a new name of “armed forces ruling council” (renamed)
remained the highest decision making body. He replaced the position of the
Chief and Staff Supreme Headquarters with that of the position of Chief of
General Staff (CGS) to be responsible for the political administration of the
country and Joint Chief of Staff (JCS) to be responsible for the administrative
functions of the armed forces. The administrative started with a strong
human-rights posture. Many political detainees were released from detained by
(NSO) were released unconditionally, public officers such as governor and
politicians who had been detained without trial by the administration were
order released or tried and those found guilty were given appropriate jail
terms or fines.
The regime attempted to govern by seeking
opinions of Nigeria’s on crucial issues such as the public debate on whether
Nigeria ought to take the IMF loan. The loan was finally rejected. The regime
also convinced Nigerians of the need to make sacrifices in order to revamp the
ailing from 2% to 20% were imposed on the different categories of workers
including the armed forces and the police. Import duties were raised on certain
items while total ban was placed on others.
There was the introduction of:
1. Structure Adjustment Programme (SAP)
2. Second tier Foreign Exchange Market (STFEM)
3. A rigorous process of a new population census
4. The political transition programme, a
time-table leading to return to civil rule. E.g. (MAMSSR) September 1987.
Other achievement include
5. Lifting off ban on party politics.
6. Creation of new states, two in 1987,
Katsina, and Akwa Ibom and nine in 1991, which are Abia, Kogi, Osun, Delta,
Yobe, Taraba, Jigaa and kebbi.
7. Establishment of two part system in
Nigeria-the National Republican Convention (NRC) and the Asocial Democratic
Party (SDP).
8. Establishment of the program of better
life for rural women.
9. Establishment of the directorate of
food and rural infrastructure (DFRI) and the National Directorate for Employment
(NDE).
10.
Establishment
of the Federal Road Safety Commission.
11.
Establishment
of the people’s Banks and Community Banks.
12.
Establishment
of the Mass Transport Programme to ease the transportation problem in all the
states of the federation.
13.
Babangida
finally stepped aside for an interim government headed by Earnest Shonekan on
August 26, 1993.
The interim National Government
With the
annulment of Abiola’s victory on 12june 1993, in the presidential election and
subsequent political upheavals, General Ibrahim Babangida was force to step
aside for an unelected technocrat Earnest Shonekan as the head of an Interim
National government(ING).
Earnest Shonekan was the head of the
Interim national government and commander in chief of the armed forces. There
was an executive council that was made up of a team of secretaries (ministers)
that failed to earn legitimacy from Nigerians before it was pushed out on
November 17, 1993 by Gen. Sanni Abacha.
The Earnest
Shonekan government lasted for only three months. The status of the
administration was contested in court, and the court ruled that the government
was illegal. The minister merely kept the administration going. The government
was a failure because the ministers and the elected state governors did not
hold allegiance to the head of the Interim National Government (ING). The
government was faced with maintaining criticism on the issue of its legitimacy
as it neither elected nor military.
The government lacked international
recognition. It was set up by head of state who had left office and there were
riots, anarchy, arson disorderliness and political insecurity during the
administration of the interim national government.
MARKETING EDUCATION
MARKETING EDUCATION
UNIT ONE
MEANING AND FUNCTIONS OF MARKETING EDUCATION
In
running a business, one cannot fail to put into consideration the type of
business to be carried out, the nature of products, product promotion, and,
most importantly, market analysis.
In
every business or organization, several structures need to be put in place for
the company to thrive. These structures make up the various levels of a working
system ranging from Administration, Management of Finance, Management of Sales
and Marketing, amongst others.
Marketing
is one of the essential parts of any business; it identifies needs and wants,
using the information to the advantage of the producer. Marketing merely a
means of promotion, distribution, and sale of products or rendering services
through consumer-behavior analysis and research.
For
a business to make a profit from the successful sale of their products, they
need to know the behavior of buyers, understand the market trends, and, most
importantly, they need to get the word out, and that is where Marketing comes
in. Being a Marketer is no ordinary job; therefore, one requires a certain
level of expertise in specific areas relevant to useful research and
advertising.
The
knowledge behind Marketing is what we refer to as Marketing Education. In other
terms, Marketing Education is a course of study designed to train students to
carry out critical functions as regards the movement of products and services
from the producer to the consumer. The basics of this course may also apply to
the other workers in an organization. Marketing is not only relevant to the
manager but also the entire workforce of an organization.
Marketing
Education Objectives
According
to different essay writing service
reviews on marketing, students will, at some
point need help with a deeper understanding of the essence of the subject,
which is to teach primary objectives of advertising, including:
- Products development
- Product pricing
- Product placement
- Promotional strategies
- Target market selection
- Market research and analysis
Functions
of Marketing Education
Marketing
Education is a course raised to inform students on the various stages of the
Marketing process, and so, there are multiple roles to be played with knowledge
of this course, and they are:
Consumer Investigation
No
producer is complete without the consumer. The customer poses various wants,
and it is the job of the producer to satisfy those wants, but how does the
producer identify the wants? Marketing education is required for this very
reason. To check the market, identify the audience and their desires, analyze
and study consumer insights, a
learned marketer is needed. After data is collected through research, the
information is then used by the producer to adapt to the buyer environment
effectively.
Pricing
A
product or service rendered must come at a fixed price. The price of a product
is ultimately one of the many things that can attract and also put off buyers.
It would be best if you had a pricing strategy that
is effective enough to prove quality and yet realizable. You have to take into
account the cost of production to prevent losses as well as to achieve a
reasonable price based on competing products and the nature of the audience.
Marketers
do not just depend on research for what the consumer wants; they also check the
level of satisfaction consumers receive from high-in-demand products. This
complex process of bringing together various factors and setting the price of a
product is not possible without proper marketing education.
Product
Promotion
For
every product to be launched, there are effective ways a business can voice out
its brand. The type of promotion depends on the nature of the product.
Advertising and promoting are some of the most critical factors that can
increase sales of the product. Promotions can be carried out in different ways
such as; holding contests, organizing giveaways, musicals, sponsorships, etc.
and these are only possible after careful research by a professional marketer.
The marketer knows what catches the eye of the customers and how to implement
it into a campaign. Using advertising, the producer can pull in potential
customers on a larger scale.
Marketing
education is the standard study of various strategies that can increase the
sales of a product and help a producer know more about the consumer
environment. When you make the wrong product for the right audience or vice
versa, you will encounter business losses. The core of marketing is to answer
three questions: Who, What, Why. Top brands are using what they have gained
from studying these 3 questions as regards their markets. In other words, they
are educating themselves on how to better their customer experience. If you’re
looking to achieve the same things, then it’s time you jumped on the bandwagon
as well.
George
Thompson is a digital advertising & marketing specialist with nearly 5-year
long practices of offering direct-to-business and reseller services. Has a
great deal of experience in SEO, Ethical Affiliate Management, Adware and Theft
detection as well as PPC and Sales Funneling. He enjoys helping his clients
scale with clear and measurable results.
How to apply for Nigeria Civil Defence recruitment 2022/2023
Recruitment into the Nigeria Security and Civil Defence Corps, NSCDC will be available on Monday, December 12, 2022.
The NSCDC made this announcement in a statement on its official recruitment portal on its website.Here is a guide on how to apply on the NSCDC recruitment portal, including the application form and requirements and how to register for recruitment 2022 via the www.nscdc.gov.ng application portal.
See the recruitment form, application portal (www.nscdc.gov.ng), requirements and how to apply for the NSCDC Recruitment 2022 and every detail about NSCDC recruitment 2022 which you need to know.
It is important to know that the NSCDC recruitment 2022 application is free. Ensure you take note of this if you wish to apply for any job vacancy in the corps. The application form is obtainable online on the recruitment portal of the NSCDC.
First, you need to visit the application page to apply for NSCDC Recruitment 2022 and also see the official portal for Civil Defence 2022 recruitment exercise.
The civil Defence recruitment portal is www.nscdc.gov.ng or cdfipb.careers. Civil defence application portal website will be open as soon as the recruitment is announced to commence officially.
How to Apply:
It is very easy to apply for Civil Defence recruitment. All you need to do is go to the official recruitment portal www.nscdc.gov.ng and register. Once you’ve done that, submit your documents on the portal and provide the right information. Here is the steps to follow to apply for NSCDC 2022 recruitment:
- Go to www.cdfipb.careers.
- Click on apply.
- Enter your Bio-data on the page
- Upload your certificates and National ID.
- Submit your application once completed.
- Shortlisted candidates will be contacted soon.
The requirements:
Civil Defence Recruitment Requirements 2022
Height (Male) – 1.68m
Height (Female) – 1.65m
Age – 18-30
Academic Requirement – B.Sc, HND or OND, WASSCE
A B.Sc or Masters’s Degree from an accredited Tertiary Institution in any related discipline or an HND in a relevant course in any field of study. Also, having a good knowledge of computers and their basic applications to use for the work and proper delivery of various tasks as required by the organization.
NSCDC fact sheet
The NSCDC is a Para-Military Outfit that is responsible for the protection of Nigerians in public events and as such, it needs to recruit new workers from time to time. Once Civil Defence is recruiting, information will be released to the general public to keep them updated.
The NSCDC has clearly stated on the portal www.nscdc.gov.ng that recruitment into the agency is transparent and completely free of charge to apply. This means that as long as you have the needed credentials, you should be eligible to participate in the recruitment exercise.
VAVULENCE AMBASADOR: Shekau left 83 concubines behind – ex-Boko Haram Commanders
Daily Trust had reported how Shekau died during the battle of supremacy with another insurgent faction in Sambisa forest, Borno State in May 2021.
Some surrendered fighters have disclosed that late Boko Haram leader, Abubakar Shekau, left behind 83 concubines.
UNIVERSITY OF ILORIN, NIGERIA 2022/2023 PRE-ADMISSION SCREENING REGISTRATION INSTRUCTIONS
UNIVERSITY OF ILORIN, NIGERIA 2022/2023 PRE-ADMISSION SCREENING REGISTRATION INSTRUCTIONS.
Please read the following instructions carefully before proceeding. Note:
1. Wrong entries will automatically disqualify a candidate; and
2. Admission will be based on an aggregate of UTME/DE score (50%); Post-UTME screening score (30%); and five (5) relevant O’ Level grades (20%).
A. Registration Instructions – Print out this page before commencing registration
(i) Registration Period is from 7 th November to 14th December, 2022.
(ii) All candidates shall upload their O’ Level and/or A’ Level results where applicable on the JAMB CAPS: Candidates who are awaiting results should so indicate by writing ‘AR’.
(iii) Change of Course: If required, this should be done on both the Unilorin and JAMB PORTALS for it to be valid.
(iv) Ensure that you have a personal, valid and active email address and phone number (NOT Cybercafé’s) before commencing the registration process.
(v) Proceed to pay Registration fee of N2, 000.00 only. (See B.vi. below)
(vi) `Please crosscheck all entries for correctness before final submission.
(vii) Candidates should note that it is possible for them to correct errors in their entries while the registration process is still on.
(viii) Candidates should print out their screening document and make sure that all information entered are correctly displayed. If not correctly displayed, candidates are advised to re-enter their information.
NOTE: AT THE CLOSE OF REGISTRATION, CANDIDATE SHOULD ENSURE THAT THE OLEVEL RESULT UPLOADED ON THE UNIVERSITY PORTAL IS THE SAME AS THAT UPLOADED TO JAMB CAPS.